Killer satellites, blinding lasers, sophisticated jammers: the world’s military powers are quietly readying for a war in outer space — at the risk of fueling a dangerous new arms race.
“We are changing the culture in our space enterprise because we need to get our heads around… what happens if a conflict on Earth extends to space. How will we defend our assets?” Air Force Secretary Deborah Lee James said at an event last month. In 2015, the mysterious behaviour of a Russian satellite fueled speculation about Moscow developing possible attack satellites, capable of manoeuvring through space and approaching a target.
This file photo provided by the European Spaceport shows the launch of Ariane 5 ECA from the European Space Station in Kourou, French Guiana, on March 12, 2006
Without warning or explanation, the craft positioned itself for several months between two Intelsat satellites in geostationary orbit, coming to within six miles (10 kilometres) of one, before eventually moving away again. “Our satellites are crucial for our national security infrastructure,” said Victoria Samson of the Secure World Foundation, which works to develop the safe and sustainable use of space.
“The fact that another entity can come close to them and interfere with their work is very unsettling to US national security,” she added. China, too, has demonstrated its ability to send a small, low-orbit satellite capable of manoeuvring toward another craft.
Teresa Hitchens, a senior research scholar at the Center for International and Security Studies at the University of Maryland, said that China in 2013 launched three small satellites into orbit, one of which had a robotic grappling arm. For the Pentagon and many US experts, it is clear America should speed up military efforts in space, and prevent its communications network from becoming the armed forces’ Achilles heel.
“The Department of Defense has aggressively moved out to develop responses that we see coming from China and Russia. I believe it’s essential that we go faster in our responses,” General John Hyten, head of the Air Force’s Space Command, told lawmakers in September. Elbridge Colby, a senior fellow at the Center for a New American Security said the United States must develop the ability to defend its own space assets.
“As human beings and more states are able to operate in space, it will just become a reality that it will become more militarised,” he said.
“The United States should develop effective but limitable forms of space attack, particularly non-kinetic ones that do not result in space debris.” But other experts say the United States should show restraint, noting the Pentagon may already have some of the offensive capabilities that China and Russia are hoping to acquire.
“I think it’s being hyped somewhat by those in the US national security community that have never felt comfortable with the US losing its role as the dominant space power,” Samson said.
The United States has since 2004 possessed a mobile jamming station which, from the ground, can block satellite communications. America has already tested using a missile to blow up a satellite and has recently acquired four satellites that can manoeuvre in orbit and inspect or monitor other space objects. Hitchens, the Maryland researcher, said Russia and China are quickly catching up to where the Americans are.
“What you have is a brewing,” she said. It’s a lead up “to a potential arms race in space, where people start developing things for real.”
Space war could be devastating for humans, as a single exploded satellite would leave a trail of debris that in turn could damage other satellites in a chain reaction of destruction. “We are at a very dangerous place right now: if we actually ever fought a war that would involve an anti-satellite weapon, we would damage the space environment to such an extent that it would make it very difficult to have the benefits that satellites provide to society,” Hitchens said.
