The world should look to nature for better ways to maintain supplies of water, keep it clean, and protect people from droughts and floods, the United Nations said on Monday.
As the global population expands and the planet warms, demand for water is rising, while the quality and reliability of our water supply is declining, the 2018 edition of the UN World Water Development Report has warned.
One response is to invest more in protecting ecosystems that recycle water, such as wetlands and vegetation, and spend less on concrete flood barriers or wastewater treatment plants.
Audrey Azoulay, director-general of the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), which coordinates the report, called for “new solutions” to tackle “emerging challenges to water security caused by population growth and climate change”.
“If we do nothing, some five billion people will be living in areas with poor access to water by 2050,” she said in a statement.
Demand for water is expected to increase by nearly one-third by 2050, said Gilbert Houngbo, chair of UN-Water, in the report’s foreword.
To help manage competing demands for freshwater – whether to quench human thirst, water crops or produce electricity – the report recommended “working with nature, rather than against it” in a bid to make water use more efficient, cost-effective and healthier for people and the environment.
“For too long, the world has turned first to human-built, or ‘grey’, infrastructure to improve water management,” wrote Houngbo. “In so doing, it has often brushed aside traditional and indigenous knowledge that embraces greener approaches.”
The report outlined the benefits of “nature-based solutions”, which use or mimic natural processes to increase water availability, improve its quality and reduce risks linked to water-related disasters and climate change.
Those solutions include changing farming practices so the soil retains more moisture and nutrients, harvesting rainwater, re-charging aquifers, conserving wetlands that capture runoff and decontaminate water, restoring floodplains and turning rooftops into gardens.
The report cited estimates that agricultural production could be increased by nearly 20 percent worldwide if greener water management practices were used.
Richard Connor, editor-in-chief of the report, said switching to a “conservation agriculture” model could bring high and rapid returns, but achieving it on a large scale would require political will at the national level.
“Agriculture internationally remains dominated by industrial (farming), and it can be a little more difficult to influence the private-sector interests that are involved,” he told the Thomson Reuters Foundation.
But some companies were adopting more sustainable practices, while consumers – mainly in Europe and North America – increasingly prefer organic, locally grown food, he added.
Inside cities, the challenge is to capture and filter more water using “green infrastructure” – from water retention ponds to wild spaces that double up for leisure activities.
And out of town, in the basins on which cities rely, water users like farmers need to cooperate with municipal authorities to ensure enough clean water for all.
New York, for example, has protected its three biggest watersheds since the late 1990s, resulting in an unfiltered water supply that brings savings of more than $300 million per year on water treatment and maintenance costs, the report said.
“Grey” infrastructure – such as piped water to slums, dams to control water flow on rivers, or concrete walls to keep out big storm surges and floods – would still be needed, Connor said. Yet while growing amounts are spent on green infrastructure and other nature-based solutions, evidence suggests they account for less than 1 percent of total investment in infrastructure to manage water resources, the report said.
Connor pointed to the extra advantages of using natural ways to manage water, including the potential to boost biodiversity, jobs, health and carbon storage.
“If you start to look at these co-benefits that often do not exist with grey infrastructure … it should tip the investment decisions towards more nature-based solutions,” he said.
