Pilgrims have been saying their farewells at Cairo airport before leaving for Saudi Arabia to perform the hajj in the tradition, they believe, of the Prophet Mohammed (PBUH) and Abraham (A.S) before him.
Every year tens of thousands of Egyptians apply for visas to travel to Makkah to join more than a million Muslims from across the world at the pilgrimage.
“When I was chosen, I couldn’t believe it,” says Afaf Hasan Rifai, who was selected by Egypt’s authorities to perform the hajj to start early next month.
“I started crying and I prostrated to God,” she says, her beaming husband standing next to her outside the terminal late on Thursday.
Nearby a policeman pushes a wheelchair carrying an elderly woman with a cane into the terminal.
Every Muslim who can undertake the journey is expected to perform the pilgrimage at least once in his or her lifetime, but it can also be performed on behalf of another follower of the faith who is unable to do so.
Muslims have travelled to Makkah for the hajj since the 7th Century, when God is believed to have ordained it in the Koran.
Last year an estimated 2,300 pilgrims — among them 464 Iranians and 182 Egyptians — died in a stampede at the hajj, according to tallies from foreign officials.
It was the deadliest stampede in hajj history, and fuelled historic tensions between conservative Sunni Saudi Arabia and its regional rival Shiite Iran.
Saudi authorities have announced new security measures for the hajj this year, including electronic bracelets and a reduced period for the stoning ritual during which the deaths took place.
Over the centuries, the ritual — seen as an elusive moment of Muslim unity gathering all nationalities and classes — has not been spared the vicissitudes of the region.
‘Nothing better than this’
There was the time when the Qaramatians, a sanguinary sect which controlled present-day Bahrain in the 10th century, descended on Makkah to put an end to what they viewed as superstition.
They slaughtered thousands of pilgrims and made off with the sacred Black Stone of the Kaaba, ransoming it to the Abbasid Caliphate after having broken it in several pieces.
In 1979, apocalyptic jihadists took over the Grand Mosque in Makkah and held pilgrims hostage, before special forces eventually flushed them out.
Many pilgrims, especially the elderly, have died amid the massive crowds while performing the rites.
But many Muslims still dream of going — even those who have already made repeated pilgrimages, such as 93-year-old Salem Ibrahim Rahmo.
“I’m happy as can be,” said the white-turbaned Rahmo as he waits outside Cairo airport terminal.
“To visit the Prophet (tomb and mosque in Medina), this is the greatest happiness. And to visit the Kaaba. This is my third time,” he says.
His son, Rahmo Mohamed Ibrahim, believes “everyone” would seize the chance to perform the hajj if allowed.
“Every person wishes to visit the houses of God and to perform the pilgrimage and fulfil his obligation,” says Ibrahim, 53.
The rituals, believed to date to the time of Abraham — who Muslims believe built the original Kaaba as the first house of worship — will begin on September 9 and last for six days.
Men will wear seamless white clothes, and women modest Islamic garb, and circumambulate the Kaaba seven times.
They will walk between two neighbouring hills seven times, emulating, they believe, Abraham’s wife Hajar as she searched for water, then symbolically cast stones at the devil.
The cathartic ritual, which pilgrims believe cleanses them of sin, is “spiritual bliss”, says Ibrahim.
“There is nothing better than this.”
