Fifteen-month-old Shivani tugs at a plastic tape her mother has wrapped around her leg and tied to a rock at a building site in Ahmedabad, India.
Barefoot and caked in dust, the toddler spends nine hours a day in temperatures topping 40 degrees Celsius (104 Fahrenheit) attached to the 1.4-metre tape marked “caution”.
Sarta Kalara, her mother, says she has no option but to tether Shivani to the stone despite her crying while she and her husband work for Rs 250 each a shift digging holes for electricity cables.
“I tie her so she doesn’t go on the road. My younger son is three and a half so he is not able to control her,” said the 23-year old, covering her face with her sari.
“This site is full of traffic, I have no option. I do this for her safety.”
There are about 40 million construction workers in the country, at least one in five of them women, and the majority poor migrants who shift from site to site, building infrastructure for India’s booming cities.
Across the country, it is not uncommon to see young children rolling in the sand and mud as their parents carry bricks or dig for new roads or luxury houses.
Many such families live in tents on site or, like Shivani’s, bed down in the open at night.
“There should be creche facilities, either from the government or the construction companies. There should be a safe place for these children. They are at real risk of being hurt,” Jha said.
Companies usually outsource the hiring of cheap labour. Contractors bring gangs of workers, often recruited from the same village, to lift, dig or hammer with little oversight or safety provisions.
While Shivani is tied to her rock, men pause for coconut and water amid the searing heat as mothers take quick breaks to feed their kids.
Parents said their children usually stayed with them until they are seven or eight when they are sent to live with grandparents in poor tribal villages in a neighbouring state.
Kalara, holding Shivani as the plastic tape dangled from her leg, said managers had turned a blind eye to her plight.
“They don’t care about us or our children, they are only concerned with their work.”
When a photographer returned to the site on the second day, a group of labourers laying power cables threw stones at him.
