Last year, Pulitzer-Prize-winning author Joseph Lelyveld released his book, “Great Soul: Mahatma Gandhi and His Struggle With India,” causing controversy with parts some say included implications that Gandhi had a homosexual relationship with architect Hermann Kallenbach.
Gandhi’s home state of Gujarat banned the book in March, and now the Indian government has dished out $1.28 million to purchase an archive more than 1,000 letters and documents exchanged between the men, thus removing it from a potential public auction in London, the Wall Street Journal’s “India Real Time” blog reports.
While Lelyveld denies he suggested Gandhi might have been gay, a review of the book by the Wall Street Journal highlights passages imply a homosexual relationship: Yet as Mr. Lelyveld makes abundantly clear, Gandhi’s organ probably only rarely became aroused with his naked young ladies, because the love of his life was a German-Jewish architect and bodybuilder, Hermann Kallenbach, for whom Gandhi left his wife in 1908. “Your portrait (the only one) stands on my mantelpiece in my bedroom,” he wrote to Kallenbach. “The mantelpiece is opposite to the bed.” For some reason, cotton wool and Vaseline were “a constant reminder” of Kallenbach, which Mr. Lelyveld believes might ¬relate to the enemas Gandhi gave ¬himself, although there could be other, less generous, explanations.
Gandhi wrote to Kallenbach about “how completely you have taken ¬possession of my body. This is slavery with a vengeance.” Gandhi nicknamed himself “Upper House” and Kallenbach “Lower House,” and he made Lower House promise not to “look lustfully upon any woman.” The two then pledged “more love, and yet more love … such love as they hope the world has not yet seen.”
The bond between Gandhi and Hermann Kallenbach has been a subject of speculation and gossip for years owing to their closeness, with previously published correspondence suggesting they may have had a physical relationship.
One of the handwritten letters from Gandhi to Kallenbach that went on show on Wednesday, the 65th anniversary of Gandhi’s assassination, is addressed to “My dear Lower House” and signed “Sinly yours, Upper House”.
However scholars looking for clear evidence on the full extent of the men’s relationship were left disappointed, with curators acknowledging that they had only put a sample of correspondence on display at the National Archives museum.
“These are original letters and we have provided a sample of the correspondence between Gandhi and Kallenbach. There is a lot that is new and significant,” Mushirul Hasan, chief of the National Archives, told AFP.
Gandhi lived with Kallenbach, a German-born Jewish architect, in Johannesburg for about two years from 1907 before returning to India in 1914 where he helped unify the gathering political movement against British colonial rule. The archive of letters and photos belonging to Kallenbach was purchased by the Indian government last year, just before they were due to be auctioned by Sotheby’s in London. Hasan denied that the collection had been screened and controversial letters left out keeping in mind the exalted status that Gandhi enjoys in the country.
“Nothing controversial has been left out or necessarily included,” Hasan said. “They had a marvellous relationship and the archives reveal the intensity of that relationship.”
The relationship between Gandhi and the wealthy South African was most recently chronicled in a book by former New York Times editor Joseph Lelyveld.
“How completely you have taken possession of my body,” Gandhi was quoted as saying in a letter to Kallenbach in Lelyveld’s book, entitled “Great Soul: Mahatma Gandhi And His Struggle With India”.
“This is slavery with a vengeance,” the man known as the “father of the nation” in India is quoted as adding.
Lelyveld was forced to defend his book against accusations that he had suggested Gandhi was bisexual. “The word ‘bisexual’ nowhere appears in the book,” he wrote afterwards. Raj Bala Jain, part of the National Archives team that studied the collection in detail, said she was surprised how their relationship had been misconstrued.
“I do not know from where he (Lelyveld) quoted those letters. I did not find even a single letter with sexual overtones,” she told AFP. “Friendship can be misinterpreted. I think Gandhi was very normal and above such things,” she said of the man who took a public vow of celibacy in his 30s, adding it was not possible to display all correspondence between the two.
“We have displayed what we thought was most interesting.”
Among other documents were dozens of letters written by Gandhi’s sons to Kallenbach that provide details of his life after his return to the country from South Africa. In one of them, Harilal, one of the four sons of Gandhi, complains to Kallenbach about how his father had “neglected us”. “For my failures in exam I hold him responsible,” he wrote. India has in the past fretted about private auctions of Gandhi’s belongings, saying that they insult the memory of a man who rejected material wealth. Auctions of Gandhi’s personal items like spectacles and other memorabilia often raise an uproar in the country where many people feel the items are part of the country’s cultural legacy. “We are talking about Gandhi. Such emotions are justified considering the glory that he brought to India,” said Hasan.
